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68M with headache • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on these images. Figure 2. CT of a planum sphenoidale meningioma. A. Axial non contrast CT showing subtle density in midline frontal region (red arrows). B. Coronal non contrast CT showing subtle density in midline frontal region (red arrows). C. Axial CT with contrast showing enhancing midline mass (green arrows). D. Coronal CT with contrast showing enhancing midline mass with a broad base along the planum sphenoidale (green arrows). Introduction: Meningiomas are extra-cranial tumors which are attached to the dura in most cases (1, 4). Around 5-10% of meningiomas are suprasellar, which are subclassified as arising from the planum sphenoidale, tuberculum sellae, diaphragma sellae, and anterior clinoid process (2). Planum sphenoidale meningiomas may have a poor surgical outcome due to the anatomic complexity as they can extend into nearby structures such as the sella turcica, posterior clinoid, and cavernous sinus (3). Discussion: CT is useful since it can demonstrate any meningiomas effect on adjacent bone and in detecting psammoma calcifications (1). On non-contrast CT, meningiomas appear isodense compared to adjacent brain tissue (Figs. 1A, B). On contrast CT, the meningioma will enhance and may or may not appear homogeneous (Fig. 1C, D) depending on the presence of calcium, fat, and tumor necrosis (2). Hyperostosis of adjacent bone suggests a benign meningioma. MRI has the ability to assess soft tissue characteristics including vascular supply and perfusion. On MRI with contrast, meningiomas and their dural tail/attachment will enhance, which reflects dural infiltration and/or reactive vascularity. Calcifications may appear as low signal intensity or areas void of vascular flow (2). On T1 weighted images, meningiomas appear isointense or hypointense and have signal variability on T2 weighted images. The use of diffusion-weighted imaging has been shown to aid in predicting the histological grade of meningiomas (3). Treatment: Depending on the tumor size and involvement of adjacent structures, planum sphenoidale meningiomas may be removed using approaches such as endonasal transsphenoidal resection. Early decompression of the optic canal and orbiotomy are critical for total resection with excellent outcomes (5). ​​​​ References: Ohba, S., Abe, M., Hasegawa, M., & Hirose, Y. (2016). Intraparenchymal Meningioma: Clinical, Radiologic, and Histologic Review. World neurosurgery, 92, 23–30. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2016.04.098 Saloner D, Uzelac A, Hetts S, Martin A, Dillon W. Modern meningioma imaging techniques. J Neurooncol. 2010;99(3):333-340. doi:10.1007/s11060-010-0367-6 Ranabhat K, Bishokarma S, Agrawal P, et al. Role of MR Morphology and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in the Evaluation of Meningiomas: Radio-Pathologic Correlation. JNMA; Journal of the Nepal Medical Association. 2019 Jan-Feb;57(215):37-44. https://europepmc.org/article/med/31080244 Finn JE, Mount LA. Meningiomas of the Tuberculum Sellae and Planum Sphenoidale: A Review of 83 Cases. Arch Ophthalmol. 1974;92(1):23–27. doi:10.1001/archopht.1974.01010010027007 Mortazavi MM, Brito da Silva H, Ferreira M Jr, Barber JK, Pridgeon JS, Sekhar LN. Planum Sphenoidale and Tuberculum Sellae Meningiomas: Operative Nuances of a Modern Surgical Technique with Outcome and Proposal of a New Classification System. World Neurosurg. 2016;86:270-286. doi:10.1016/j.wneu.2015.09.043 Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who Dr. Rice has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

40F with headache • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on these images. Figure 2. CT and MRI of cavernous venous malformation. Arterial venous malformation in the left posterior periventricular region with draining veins extending to the internal cerebral veins. A. Axial non contrast CT showing subtle density in left frontal lobe (red arrow). B. Axial T1WI showing cavernous venous malformation (green arrow). C. Axial T1WI with contrast showing cavernous venous malformation with no significant enhancement (green arrow). D. Axial FLAIR showing cavernous venous malformation (green arrow). E. coronal GRE showing cavernous venous malformation with peripheral hemosiderin ring (green arrow). F. Axial GRE showing cavernous venous malformation with peripheral hemosiderin ring (green arrow). Introduction: Cavernous venous malformations (CVM; or cavernomas, cavernous hemangiomas) are clusters of abnormal hyalinized capillaries most commonly located supratentorially and can be found incidentally or present with focal neurological deficits, headaches, and most often seizures (1). CVMs have an incidence of 0.4%-0.8% in the general population (2). They can be seen in adults or children and are either familial (multiple CVMs) or sporadic (usually a single CVM) (1). According to the ISSVA classification of vascular anomalies, these CVMs have been termed slow flow venous malformations. Rupture causing hemorrhage can occur with an average annual rate of 0.7%-1.1% (2), although less common compared to arteriovenous malformations due to their low pressure and flow (1). Discussion: CVMs are difficult to diagnose on cerebral angiography due to their low flow profile and lack of arteriovenous shunting (3). CT has higher sensitivity and shows hyperdense lesions without contrast (Figure 1A), although they can be difficult to visualize since they do not enhance. MRI is more sensitive and specific for detecting CVMs, and is the imaging modality of choice. On T2w and T1w-MR, a rim of hypointensity may be seen (Figure 1D). Using the Zabramski classification, CVMs can be grouped into four types based on appearance on MRI (5). Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging can also be very useful since it can recognize deoxyhemoglobin and hemosiderin deposits which are characteristically associated with CVMs. Blood breakdown products may appear different depending on the MR sequence and the age of the products. Gradient-echo (GRE) MRI offers optimal detection of CVMs, especially if missed by conventional spin echo sequences (4, 6) and can appear as a blooming pattern (Figure 1E). Treatment: Diffusion tensor (DT) imaging (Figure 1F) may be used intraoperatively along with fMRI to better visualize the CVM. DT tractography allows the surgeon to visualize white matter tracts which may cross through or near the hemosiderin rim of the CVM (1,7). Generally, symptomatic CVMs or ones that are in sensitive areas undergo microsurgical resection. If surgical risk is high, stereotactic radiosurgery may be done to prevent progression of CVMs (1). Follow-up MRIs are recommended due to high risk of re-bleeding of CVM remnants (1). ​​​​ References: Mouchtouris N, Chalouhi N, Chitale A, et al. Management of cerebral cavernous malformations: from diagnosis to treatment. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015;2015:808314. doi:10.1155/2015/808314 Ene C, Kaul A, Kim L. Natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations. Handb Clin Neurol. 2017;143:227-232. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63640-9.00021-7 Wang, K. Y., Idowu, O. R., & Lin, D. (2017). Radiology and imaging for cavernous malformations. In Handbook of Clinical Neurology (Vol. 143, pp. 249-266). (Handbook of Clinical Neurology; Vol. 143). Elsevier B.V.. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-63640-9.00024-2 Lehnhardt FG, von Smekal U, Rückriem B, et al. Value of gradient-echo magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of familial cerebral cavernous malformation. Archives of Neurology. 2005 Apr;62(4):653-658. doi:10.1001/archneur.62.4.653 Zabramski JM, Wascher TM, Spetzler RF, et al. The natural history of familial cavernous malformations: results of an ongoing study. J Neurosurg. 1994;80(3):422-432. doi:10.3171/jns.1994.80.3.0422 Campbell PG, Jabbour P, Yadla S, Awad IA. Emerging clinical imaging techniques for cerebral cavernous malformations: a systematic review. Neurosurg Focus. 2010;29(3):E6. doi:10.3171/2010.5.FOCUS10120 Cauley KA, Andrews T, Gonyea JV, Filippi CG. Magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging and tractography of intracranial cavernous malformations: preliminary observations and characterization of the hemosiderin rim. J Neurosurg. 2010;112(4):814-823. doi:10.3171/2009.8.JNS09586 Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who Dr. Rice has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

44F Trauma and Knee Pain • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on this xray and CT scan. Figure 2. Lateral x-ray and sagittal CT demonstrating a tibial plateau fracture (red arrows) with a fat fluid level (yellow arrows). There is also a fibular neck fracture (green arrows). Introduction: Tibial plateau fractures include a multitude of intraarticular fractures that can be associated with a variety of injuries such as comminution, ligament or meniscal injury, and articular depression (1). They are often associated with motor vehicle accidents or falls. Tibial plateau fractures occur in 10.3 per 100,000 people annually (2). Men younger than 50 had a higher incidence compared to women, with the highest age frequency being between 40 and 60 in both men and women (2). The most common type of tibial plateau fracture is a split-depression unicondylar fracture (AO classification type 41B3) which can be lateral, medial or involving the tibial spines and one of the plateaus. The Schatzker classification system is used for prognosis, management, and pre-operative planning (3), although, some patterns of injury may not fit into this system (4). Other systems include the Luo, Hohl, and AO classifications. Discussion: CT and radiographs are essential imaging modalities to assess tibial plateau fractures (5, 7). Radiographs are useful in detection but may underestimate the fractures in as many as 43% of cases, whereas CT allows a more accurate depiction and enables more precise surgical planning (6). Since this is an intra-articular fracture, plain radiographs may show lipohemarthrosis (Fig. 2) in the joint space, even with subtle fractures (8). It is important to differentiate lipohemarthrosis with simple hemearthrosis which can also occur with tibial plateau fractures (10). MR imaging is useful to depict the internal anatomy of the knee as well as evaluating meniscal and ligamentous injuries associated with the fractures (1). While CT and MR may determine articular depression equally well, MR can demonstrate greater amounts of comminution than CT (1) and is more suitable for diagnosing cartilage lesions (3). Treatment: Using the Schatzker classification, tibial plateau fractures may be managed non-operatively if they are nondisplaced (type I), while multiple indications exist for internal fixation including, but not limited to, open fractures, compartment syndrome, and an articular step off of more than 3 mm (8,9). ​ ​​​​ References: Barrow BA, Fajman WA, Parker LM, Albert MJ, Drvaric DM, Hudson TM. Tibial plateau fractures: evaluation with MR imaging. Radiographics. 1994;14(3):553-559. doi:10.1148/radiographics.14.3.8066271 Elsoe R, Larsen P, Nielsen NP, Swenne J, Rasmussen S, Ostgaard SE. Population-Based Epidemiology of Tibial Plateau Fractures. Orthopedics. 2015;38(9):e780-e786. doi:10.3928/01477447-20150902-55 Markhardt BK, Gross JM, Monu JU. Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures: use of CT and MR imaging improves assessment. Radiographics. 2009;29(2):585-597. doi:10.1148/rg.292085078 Molenaars RJ, Mellema JJ, Doornberg JN, Kloen P. Tibial Plateau Fracture Characteristics: Computed Tomography Mapping of Lateral, Medial, and Bicondylar Fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2015;97(18):1512-1520. doi:10.2106/JBJS.N.00866 Mellema JJ, Doornberg JN, Molenaars RJ, Ring D, Kloen P; Traumaplatform Study Collaborative & Science of Variation Group. Tibial Plateau Fracture Characteristics: Reliability and Diagnostic Accuracy [published correction appears in J Orthop Trauma. 2016 Nov;30(11):e376]. J Orthop Trauma. 2016;30(5):e144-e151. doi:10.1097/BOT.0000000000000511 Wicky, S., Blaser, P., Blanc, C. et al. Comparison between standard radiography and spiral CT with 3D reconstruction in the evaluation, classification and management of tibial plateau fractures. Eur Radiol 10, 1227–1232 (2000). doi:10.1007/s003300000326 Rafii M, Firooznia H, Golimbu C, Bonamo J. Computed tomography of tibial plateau fractures. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142(6):1181-1186. doi:10.2214/ajr.142.6.1181 Mthethwa J, Chikate A. A review of the management of tibial plateau fractures. Musculoskelet Surg. 2018;102(2):119-127. doi:10.1007/s12306-017-0514-8 Schatzker J, McBroom R, Bruce D. The tibial plateau fracture. The Toronto experience 1968--1975. Clin Orthop Relat Res. Jan-Feb 1979;(138):94-104. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/445923/ Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who Dr. Rice has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

Gunshot wound right groin 2 weeks ago. Pulsatile thrill • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on this CT scan and Doppler. Figure 2: A: pseudoaneurysm (red arrow) B: right external iliac artery (green arrow), right external iliac vein (yellow arrow) Note there is contrast in it which is abnormal, left external iliac artery (white arrow), left external iliac vein (blue arrow) Note there is no contrast in it which is normal. C: pseudoaneurysm (red arrow) D: long axis doppler US of right femoral artery (green arrow) and femoral vein (yellow arrow). Note there is abnormal arterial flow in the vein and the flow direction is reversed. E: short axis doppler US of right femoral artery (green arrow) and femoral vein (yellow arrow). Note there is abnormal arterial flow in the vein and there is a fistula visualized between the artery and vein. Introduction: An arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is an abnormal connection between an artery and a vein, which ultimately bypasses the capillary bed allowing blood to go directly into the venous system. Traumatic AVFs can be easy to miss, and up to 70% of patients are given a delayed diagnosis (1). AVFs need to be treated due to potential late complications including pseudoaneurysm (Figs. 1,2), high output heart failure, or AVF rupture resulting in hemorrhage (1). Patients can present with a thrill, bruit, or pulsatile hematoma, but also can be completely asymptomatic (1). Discussion: AVFs can be from an iatrogenic or traumatic source and can also be congenital. In our case, the patient had a gunshot wound to the right groin and presented with a pulsatile thrill. Gold standard for diagnosing AVFs is a CT angiography (CTA), although digital subtraction angiography (DSA) can accurately diagnose them but are less common (1, 2). Duplex and color Doppler sonography are also very useful imaging modalities. In our case, CTA showed contrast in the right external iliac vein (Fig. 2B, yellow arrow) during the arterial phase compared to the normal left side which demonstrates no contrast (Fig. 2B, blue arrow). Further supporting the diagnosis of the AVF is abnormal doppler flow in the femoral artery and vein (Fig. 2D, E). Our case showed communication between the superficial femoral artery and superficial femoral vein at the level of a 1.2 cm pseudoaneurysm. This indicates that there is a post-traumatic AV fistula in the right superficial femoral artery and superficial femoral vein in the proximal to mid-thigh. Treatment: No gold standard for treatment exist regarding repair of traumatic AVFs. In stable patients, AVFs can be treated with endovascular procedures via embolization or stenting (3, 4) to prevent progression of or subsequent complications. Other methods include primary repair of venous and arterial injuries with ligation (1). ​​​​ References: Shaban Y, Elkbuli A, McKenney M, Boneva D. Traumatic femoral arteriovenous fistula following gunshot injury: Case report and review of literature. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2020;55:223-226. Published 2020 May 30. doi:10.1016/j.amsu.2020.05.016 Chen JK, Johnson PT, Fishman EK. Diagnosis of clinically unsuspected posttraumatic arteriovenous fistulas of the pelvis using CT angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):W269-W273. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1230 Rogel-Rodríguez JF, Zaragoza-Salas T, Díaz-Castillo L, Noriega-Salas L, Rogel-Rodríguez J, Rodríguez-Martínez JC. Fístula arteriovenosa femoral postraumática, tratamiento endovascular [Post-traumatic femoral arteriovenous fistula, endovascular treatment]. Cir Cir. 2017;85(2):158-163. doi:10.1016/j.circir.2015.10.010 Liao JL, Wang SK, Dalsing MC, Motaganahalli RL. Endovascular Treatment of a Persistent Traumatic Deep Femoral Arteriovenous Fistula After Gunshot Injury. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2020;54(5):441-444. doi:10.1177/1538574420918970​ Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who Dr. Rice has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

93 F with trauma from a fall. Neck pain • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on this CT scan. Figure 2. CT scan of Type 2 dens fracture. Red arrow is pointing to the fracture line at the base of the dens. Figure 3. Anderson and D’Alonzo dens fracture classification system. Diagram by Neal Joshi. Type I: Avulsion fracture of the tip of the dens, usually stable. Type II: Fracture of the base of the dens, usually unstable. Type III: Fracture involving the body of C2, usually stable. Introduction: The odontoid process, otherwise known as the dens, is a bony projection from C2 (axis). The most commonly utilized classification system for fracture of the odontoid process is the Anderson and D’Alonzo system, which identifies three types of fractures (1) (Fig. 3). C2 fractures can be classified into Odontoid and Hangman’s and most common C2 fractures are the type II odontoid fractures. These can pose issues due to a greater than 50% rate of non-union. These fractures occur during hyperextention and hyperflexion injuries to the cervical spine (falls, motor vehicle accidents). Type II odontoid fractures are most common and can occur at any age but mostly in the elderly due to increase risk of falls and decreased bone mineral density. Discussion: A type I odontoid fracture is described as an avulsion fracture of the tip of the dens. A type II fracture is one that occurs at the base of the dens and is considered unstable due to high rates of non-union. Type III fractures involve the body of C2 and may even involve the facets (Fig. 2). For odontoid fractures, radiographs can be very useful, but a negative result does not exclude a fracture. Therefore, if there is clinical suspicion a CT scan should be obtained (Fig. 1) (3). Non-contrast MRI is useful for viewing ligamentous structures which may be injured. In non-displaced type II odontoid fractures for example, the transverse ligament needs to be intact for certain surgical procedures and would require an MRI for evaluation (4). Complications of odontoid fractures include malunion, non-union, and pseudoarthrosis. Type II fractures are unstable and have a higher rate of nonunion mainly due to the lower surface area of the fractured bone compared to type III fractures. Radiological parameters such as displacement and angulation are important and can determine surgical planning of type II odontoid fractures. Using CT, it was determined that diagnostic classification of displacements and angulation had good observer reliability using review systems and tools in image processing software (5). Figure 4. Fluoroscopic guided placement of an odontoid screw. Treatment: For treatment of type I and III odontoid fractures, external fixation via a rigid cervical collar may be sufficient. For type II fractures, surgical fixation is usually required if there is greater than 4-5 mm of displacement due to high risk for non-union (3) (Fig. 4). ​​​​ References: Korres DS, Chytas DG, Markatos KN, Efstathopoulos NE, Nikolaou VS. The "challenging" fractures of the odontoid process: a review of the classification schemes. Eur J Orthop Surg Traumatol. 2017;27(4):469-475. doi:10.1007/s00590-016-1895-3 Montemurro N, Perrini P, Mangini V, Galli M, Papini A. The Y-shaped trabecular bone structure in the odontoid process of the axis: a CT scan study in 54 healthy subjects and biomechanical considerations [published online ahead of print, 2019 Feb 1]. J Neurosurg Spine. 2019;1-8. doi:10.3171/2018.9.SPINE18396 Chutkan NB, King AG, Harris MB. Odontoid Fractures: Evaluation and Management. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 1997;5(4):199-204. doi:10.5435/00124635-199707000-00003 Löhrer L, Raschke MJ, Thiesen D, et al. Current concepts in the treatment of Anderson Type II odontoid fractures in the elderly in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Injury. 2012;43(4):462-469. doi:10.1016/j.injury.2011.09.025 Karamian BA, Liu N, Ajiboye RM, Cheng I, Hu SS, Wood KB. Reliability of radiological measurements of type 2 odontoid fracture. Spine J. 2019;19(8):1324-1330. doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2019.04.020 Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who Dr. Rice has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

18 year old male. Trauma due to punching a punching bag • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on this xray. Figure 2. Frontal, lateral, and oblique radiographs showing hamate body fracture (red arrows) due to the patient punching a punching bag. Introduction: Hamate fractures represent around 2-4% of all carpal fractures (1). Fractures involving the hamate bone can be divided into two broad categories. Type I is a hook of the hamate fracture and type II involves the body (Figs. 1,2). Type I can be specified under three subtypes depending if they involve the base, the waist, or is an avulsion of the tip (2). The type II hamate fracture can be either 2a which is a coronal fracture, dorsal oblique, or splitting, or 2b which is transverse. Mechanisms of injury may be related to sports (especially tennis, baseball and golf) which fracture the hook, and body fractures are most commonly from punch injuries as seen in this case (2). Discussion: Although hamate fractures can be identified on hand radiographs, sometimes they may be difficult to diagnose. A missed diagnosis in the ED often delays orthopedic involvement which can result in long term functional disabilities and can destabilize the fourth and fifth carpometacarpal joints (3). Cecava and colleagues identified six potential radiographic signs of a hamate fracture: 1) distal dorsal hamate avulsion fragment, 2) noncongruent metacarpal alignment, 3) fourth/fifth CMC joint obscuration, 4) disruption or obscuration of hamate hook ring, 5) hamate double density sign, and 6) ulnar and dorsal soft tissue hand swelling (3). They also correlated these findings to their respective findings on CT. If these radiographic findings and clinical findings indicate a hamate fracture, a CT is the preferred imaging modality to thoroughly classify these fractures (3). A study showed that radiographs of hamate fractures were around 72% sensitive with 89% specificity. A high resolution CT showed to have 100% sensitivity and 94% specificity (4). Treatment: With acute nondisplaced hook fractures, immobilization with an ulnar gutter cast for 6 weeks may be sufficient. Displaced fractures usually require open reduction and internal fixation or excision of the bony fragment. Nonunion fractures require pinning with bone grafting. Acute nondisplaced and displaced fractures of the body of the hamate have similar treatments as hook fractures (1-4).​ ​​​​ References: Goliver JA, Adamow JS, Goliver J. Hamate body and capitate fracture in punch injury. Am J Emerg Med. 2014 Oct;32(10):1303.e1-2.. Epub 2014 Apr 3. PMID: 24792935. doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2014.03.050 Mouzopoulos G, Vlachos C, Karantzalis L, Vlachos K. Fractures of hamate: a clinical overview. Musculoskelet Surg. 2019 Apr;103(1):15-21. Epub 2018 May 29. PMID: 29845407. doi:10.1007/s12306-018-0543-y Cecava ND, Finn MF, Mansfield LT. Subtle radiographic signs of hamate body fracture: a diagnosis not to miss in the emergency department. Emerg Radiol. 2017 Dec;24(6):689-695. Epub 2017 Jun 14. PMID: 28616787. doi:10.1007/s10140-017-1523-5 Andresen R, Radmer S, Sparmann M, Bogusch G, Banzer D. Imaging of hamate bone fractures in conventional X-rays and high-resolution computed tomography. An in vitro study. Invest Radiol. 1999 Jan;34(1):46-50. PMID: 9888053. doi:10.1097/00004424-199901000-00007 Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who he has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

1 month male old with vomiting • Xray of the Week Figure 1. What is the important finding on this ultrasound of a 1 month old male? Figure 2: Ultrasound of pylorus. A. Target sign on the short axis view with the thickness measuring 0.60 cm (N<0.30 cm). B. The longitudinal plane shows an elongated pylorus measuring 2.23 cm (N<1.60 cm) with thickened pyloric muscle, also known as the cervix sign. The pyloric mucosa protrudes into the gastric antrum which is the antral nipple sign (red arrows) Introduction: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (HPS) is seen in infants causing gastric outlet obstruction from a thickened pylorus muscle. The incidence is around 2-5 in 1000 live births every year. Infants from 2-6 weeks old present characteristically as projectile non-bilious vomiting which can be severe enough to cause hypochloremic, hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis and dehydration (1, 2). Risk factors include but are not limited to, smoking during pregnancy, preterm delivery, first-born infants, and exposure to macrolides such as erythromycin (3). Discussion: The gold standard imaging technique for diagnosing HPS is ultrasound with high specificity and sensitivity. Sonographic signs of HPS include (4): -Target/Donut sign- Echogenic mucosa surrounding thickened pyloric hypoechoic muscle (Figs. 1A, 2A). -Cervix sign- showing thickened pylorus on longitudinal view (Figs.1B, 2B) -Antral nipple sign- pyloric mucosa protruding into the gastric antrum (Fig. 2B) Sonographic measurements of the pyloric wall >0.30 cm and pyloric length of >1.5 cm (Fig. 1,2) indicate HPS (1, 2). Some authors even suggest that the numerical values are less important compared to the morphology of the antropyloric canal in real-time on ultrasound (2). There also may be a lack of gastric emptying which can be seen on upper GI series if ultrasound is non-diagnostic. Endoscopy can also be a diagnostic tool but is rarely used due to its invasive and cost-ineffective nature (1). Treatment: Once the infant is rehydrated, surgical pyloromyotomy is curative with excellent outcomes (5). ​​​​ References: Hernanz-Schulman M. Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Radiology. 2003;227(2):319-331. doi:10.1148/radiol.2272011329 Niedzielski J, Kobielski A, Sokal J, Krakós M. Accuracy of sonographic criteria in the decision for surgical treatment in infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Arch Med Sci. 2011;7(3):508-511. doi:10.5114/aoms.2011.23419 Galea R, Said E. Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis: An Epidemiological Review. Neonatal Netw. 2018;37(4):197-204. doi:10.1891/0730-0832.37.4.197 Indiran V, Selvaraj V. The cervix sign and other sonographic signs of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016;41(10):2085-2086. doi:10.1007/s00261-016-0809-5 Aspelund G, Langer JC. Current management of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. Semin Pediatr Surg. 2007;16(1):27-33. doi:10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2006.10.004 Neal Joshi is a medical student and aspiring diagnostic radiologist at Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine in New Jersey. Prior to medical school, he did research with mouse models for Parkinson’s disease and L-DOPA induced dyskinesias. He also did an internship at Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation in a stroke lab analyzing MR images in ischemic stroke patients with hemispatial neglect. During his time at Rowan, he did research with animal models for traumatic brain injury with an emphasis on electrophysiology of neurons. He graduated from William Paterson University where he completed his studies in biology and biopsychology. Apart from medical school, Neal loves to read, skateboard, go on hikes, and spend time with his friends. Update July 2022: Dr. Joshi is a Radiology Resident at Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia. All posts by Neal Joshi Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. He has held several leadership positions including Board Member and Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. He has continued to teach by mentoring medical students interested in radiology. Everyone who Dr. Rice has mentored has been accepted into top programs across the country including Harvard, UC San Diego, Northwestern, Vanderbilt, and Thomas Jefferson. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

19 yo M who fell • Xray of the Week Figure 1. Describe the wrist injury. Figure 2. A. Plain radiograph of the wrist demonstrating subtle fracture of the waist of the scaphoid (yellow arrow) and nondisplaced fracture of the scaphoid tubercle (red arrow). B. Coronal CT scan of the wrist demonstrating the minimally displaced fracture of the scaphoid tubercle (red arrow). C. Axial CT scan of the wrist demonstrating the minimally displaced fracture of the scaphoid tubercle (red arrow). D. Coronal CT scan of the wrist demonstrating the minimally displaced fracture of the waist of the scaphoid. (yellow arrow). Figure 3. Mayo Clinic Scaphoid Fracture Classification: Scaphoid bone fractures are classified by anatomic position. The location of the fracture is significant because the decreasing blood flow distal to proximal can lead to complications in healing (such as AVN). Diagram by Nirali Dave. Figure 4. Volar view of scaphoid blood supply. Superficial Palmer Branch of Radial Artery enters the scaphoid bone distally around the tibial tuberosity and provides 20-30% of the blood supply. Diagram by Nirali Dave. Figure 5. Dorsal view of scaphoid blood supply. Dorsal Carpal Branch of Radial Artery enters scaphoid bone through the dorsal ridge and provides 70-80% of the blood supply with thinner branches proximally. Diagram by Nirali Dave. Discussion: Scaphoid fractures have been well-reported as a challenge to diagnose and treat. Patients with scaphoid fractures usually present with severe wrist pain, swelling, and decreased range of motion following high-energy trauma. Anatomical snuffbox tenderness, pain on axial compression of the thumb, and scaphoid tubercle tenderness have extremely high sensitivity for scaphoid fractures, but have variable specificity [1,2]. The initial imaging modality used to diagnose scaphoid fractures is plain radiography, however x-rays can miss up to 30% of fractures in the acute setting. If clinical suspicion of a scaphoid fracture is high but no fracture is seen on x-ray, the appropriate next step is CT scan [1-3]. The Mayo classification system for scaphoid fractures is organized according to anatomic location in the scaphoid bone: proximal third, middle third (waist), distal third (Fig. 3). Of these, proximal third fractures account for 10% of all scaphoid fractures, waist fractures account for 70%, and distal third fractures account for 20% [4]. Distal tubercle fractures are rare, accounting for only 5% of all scaphoid fractures and are visualized on x-rays as avulsed small radiovolar fragments of the distal tip [4,5]. The distal third of the scaphoid bone receives its blood supply from radial artery branches (Figs. 4-5); therefore, healing of a distal tubercle fracture usually proceeds without complication. Since the remainder of the scaphoid bone depends on the blood supply from the distal third of the scaphoid, vascular disruption due to a scaphoid waist fracture may result in complications such as nonunion, avascular necrosis, and chronic radiocarpal osteoarthritis [6]. Because there is excellent vascularity found in the distal third of the scaphoid bone, patients with scaphoid tubercle fractures are normally treated with immobilization in a thumb spica short cast, with full recovery taking about 4-6 weeks. Conversely, scaphoid fractures of the proximal third and waist can have more protracted healing timelines. If imaging indicates a non-displaced scaphoid waist fracture, minimally invasive percutaneous screw fixation has achieved promising results. More unstable scaphoid fractures often require open operative treatment that can still result in complications such as delayed or nonunion [6,7]. ​​​​ References: 1. Puopolo SM, Rettig ME. Management of acute scaphoid fractures. Bulletin of the NYU Hospital for Joint Diseases. 2003;61(3,4). http://hjdbulletin.org/files/archive/pdfs/681.pdf 2. Platon A, Poletti P-A, Aaken J, et al. Occult fractures of the scaphoid: the role of ultrasonography in the emergency department. Skeletal Radiology. 2011;40(7):869-875. doi:10.1007/s00256-010-1086-y 3. Kaewlai R, Avery LL, Asrani AV, et al. Multidetector CT of carpal injuries: anatomy, fractures, and fracture-dislocations. Radiographics : a review publication of the Radiological Society of North America, Inc. 2008;28(6):1771-1784. doi:10.1148/rg.286085511 4. Gupta V, Rijal L, Jawed A. Managing scaphoid fractures. How we do it? Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma. 2013;4(1):3-10. doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2013.01.009 5. Prosser AJ, Brenkel IJ, Irvine GB. Articular Fractures of the Distal Scaphoid. Journal of Hand Surgery (British and European Volume). 1988;13(1):87-91. doi:10.1016/0266-7681(88)90061-7 6. Clementson M, Björkman A, Thomsen NOB. Acute scaphoid fractures : Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Efort Open Reviews. 2020;5(2):96-103. doi:10.1302/2058-5241.5.190025 7. Rhemrev S, Ootes D, Beeres F, Meylaerts S, Schipper I. Current methods of diagnosis and treatment of scaphoid fractures. International Journal of Emergency Medicine. 2011;4(1):1-8. doi:10.1186/1865-1380-4-4 Nirali Dave is a medical student at Medical University of Lublin in Poland, currently doing clinical rotations in New York. Before that she completed her undergraduate education at Rutgers University, and worked as a medical scribe. Nirali was first exposed to basic radiologic imaging while scribing, and was very quickly taken by the field. Her passion for radiology comes from the bridging of anatomy, health technologies, and patient care. In the future, she hopes to complete a diagnostic radiology residency and stay committed to clinical research and patient education. Update 2022: Dr. Dave is a Radiology Resident at Indiana University School of Medicine. Follow Nirali Dave on Twitter @ndave08 All posts by Nirali Dave Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME and is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. Formerly the Chief of Staff at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

Name the Cardiac Device • Xray of the Week Figure 1. Name the cardiac device. Figure 2. Plain radiograph demonstrating the MitraClip Cardiac Device (green arrows). Figure 3. CT scan demonstrating the MitraClip Cardiac Device (green arrows). Figure 4. Video demonstrating trans-septal placement technique for MitraClp from Abbott. Discussion: Mitral regurgitation (MR) is the most common form of severe valve disease in developed countries. Approved for use in 2013, the MitraClip system provides an alternate means for Mitral Valve (MV) repair in patients deemed too high risk for surgery. The system works by creating an edge to edge tissue bridge between the anterior and posterior leaflets of the MV via a clip inserted via catheter transeptally. Radiographically the device will be seen as 1 or 2 small metallic devices over the mitral valve area (Figs. 1-3). Preprocedural imaging is used to diagnose the extent and severity of the MR, and 3D - TEE is typically the imaging modality of choice as it allows for visualization and quantitative analysis of the complex geometry of the MV (Fig.4). Periprocedural imaging again also relies heavily on 3D – TEE as valve pathophysiology determines the ideal puncture site for access. Fluoroscopy and TEE are usually the modalities of choice for real time visualization during MitraClip placement. When 2D/3D TEE are used in conjunction there is an associated 28% reduction in procedural times. After placement of the system, postprocedural imaging should be utilized to assess for any residual MR, which has been shown to be a predictor of long term survival. ​​​​ References: 1. Weerakkody Y. Mitraclip device | Radiology Reference Article | Radiopaedia.org. Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/articles/mitraclip-device?lang=us. Accessed March 31, 2020. 2. Imaging in MV Interventions: MitraClip and Beyond... American College of Cardiology. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/articles/2018/08/06/13/25/imaging-in-mv-interventions. Accessed March 31, 2020. 3. Sherif MA, Paranskaya L, Yuecel S, et al. MitraClip step by step; how to simplify the procedure. Neth Heart J. 2017;25(2):125-130. doi:10.1007/s12471-016-0930-7 4. Tamburino C, Ussia GP, Maisano F, et al. Percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system: acute results from a real world setting. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(11):1382-1389. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq051 5. Chrissoheris MP, Halapas A, Papadopoulos K, Spargias K. Transcatheter MitraClip implantation facilitated by transthoracic echocardiography. J Echocardiogr. 2018;16(2):91-92. doi:10.1007/s12574-017-0358-0 6. Ramlawi B, Skiles J, Myers D, Ali O, Viens C. Transcatheter mitral repair: MitraClip technique. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2018;7(6):824-826. doi:10.21037/acs.2018.10.14 Related posts: Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement (TAVR) Transcatheter Mitral Valve Replacement (TMVR) Malposition of Right Atrial Lead of Permanent Pacemaker Implanted Cardiac Loop Recorder Wearable Cardiac Defibrillator Impella Left Ventricular Assist Device Micra Intracardiac Pacemaker Neal Shah went to medical school at The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM)–Carolinas and matched in radiology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Prior to medical school, he completed his undergraduate studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he majored in economics and chemistry. During his 4 years there he worked in UNC’s Biomedical Research Imaging Center where he helped develop formulations for iron-oxide nanoparticles used for MRI; it was here that his love for the field of radiology developed. He eventually wishes to also pursue his MBA and hopes to use it to help advance the field of medicine in terms of medical innovation. Follow Neal Shah on Twitter @neal-shah17 All posts by Neal Shah Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME Dr. Rice is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group, and formerly the Chief of Staff at at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA.In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator.He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

Name the Cardiac Device • Xray of the Week Fig. 1. A. Frontal chest xray showing the Amplatzer® Septal Occluder Device over the expected location of the atrial septum (red arrows). Fig. 1. B. Echochardiogram 4 chamber view showing the Amplatzer® Septal Occluder Device (yellow arrows) covering both sides of the atrial septum. Fig. 1. C. CT scan showing the Amplatzer® Septal Occluder Device (green arrows) covering both sides of the atrial septum. The self-expanding distal lobe is seen in the left atrium and the proximal disc is seen in the right atrium. A large pericardial effusion is also present. Fig. 2. Frontal (A) and lateral (B) chest xray in a different patient showing the Amplatzer® Septal Occluder Device over the expected location of the atrial septum (red arrows). Fig. 3. Amplatzer® Septal Occluder device. Fig. 4 Video demonstrating percutaneous placement technique for the Amplatzer® Septal Occluder for ASD closure. Discussion: The Amplatzer Septal Occluder (ASO) is designed for percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect (ASD), the fourth most common congenital cardiac anomaly. ASD closure is indicated within the setting of right cardiac chamber enlargement, prevention of paradoxical embolism, net left to right shunting, and to prevent arrythmias [1]. The device is shaped as a self-expanding double disc composed of a nitinol mesh with polyester fabric (Figs.1-3). The double disc shape allows closure from both sides of the septal defect with one disc being placed alongside the left septal wall within the left atrium, and the other being placed along the right septal wall within the right atrium. This means that only ASD secundum type defects are able to be repaired with this device [2,3]. Despite the improving accuracy of both 2D and 3D echocardiography, fluoroscopy remains the standard for periprocedural imaging [4,5]. After the device has been placed postprocedural imaging is typically conducted via echocardiography to evaluate for device positioning and any residual shunting. As seen in this case, the discs are visible over the interatrial septum on radiographs, ultrasound, and CT scan (Figs.1,2). Closure with this device is a highly successful procedure and offers lower rates of post-procedural complications than seen with open heart surgery and a shorter hospital stay (Fig. 4). The most common complication during placement is device embolization or malposition which occurs in 3.5% of cases. The most frequent long term complication following ASO placement is arrythmias, typically supraventricular tachyarrhythmias [6]. The other potential long term complication is myocardial erosion which may lead to pericardial effusion or tamponade [6]. Mortality rates between the ASO device and surgical groups in studies tend to be similar [6]. References: Holland M. Amplatzer septal occluder | Radiology Case | Radiopaedia.org. Radiopaedia. https://radiopaedia.org/cases/amplatzer-septal-occluder?lang=us. Accessed April 12, 2020. Kim H-H, Yi G-J, Song S-W. Late Migration of Amplatzer Septal Occluder Device to the Descending Thoracic Aorta. Korean J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;50(1):47-49. doi:10.5090/kjtcs.2017.50.1.47 Sigakis CJG, Mathai SK, Suby-Long TD, et al. Radiographic Review of Current Therapeutic and Monitoring Devices in the Chest. RadioGraphics. 2018;38(4):1027-1045. doi:10.1148/rg.2018170096 Sigakis CJG, Mathai SK, Suby-Long TD, et al. Radiographic Review of Current Therapeutic and Monitoring Devices in the Chest. RadioGraphics. 2018;38(4):1027-1045. doi:10.1148/rg.2018170096 Ackermann S, Quandt D, Hagenbuch N, et al. Transcatheter Atrial Septal Defect Closure in Children with and without Fluoroscopy: A Comparison. Journal of Interventional Cardiology. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6598637 Spence MS, Qureshi SA. Complications of transcatheter closure of atrial septal defects. Heart. 2005;91(12):1512-1514. doi:10.1136/hrt.2004.057562 Related posts: CardioMEMS Device Amulet® Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device Implanted Cardiac Loop Recorder Cardiac Tamponade Following Coronary Artery Rotational Atherectomy Papillary Fibroelastoma of Aortic Valve Micra Intracardiac Pacemaker ​​ Neal Shah went to medical school at The Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine (VCOM)–Carolinas and matched in radiology at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Prior to medical school, he completed his undergraduate studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he majored in economics and chemistry. During his 4 years there he worked in UNC’s Biomedical Research Imaging Center where he helped develop formulations for iron-oxide nanoparticles used for MRI; it was here that his love for the field of radiology developed. He eventually wishes to also pursue his MBA and hopes to use it to help advance the field of medicine in terms of medical innovation. Follow Neal Shah on Twitter @neal-shah17 All posts by Neal Shah Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME Dr. Rice is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group, and formerly the Chief of Staff at at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA.In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator.He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD

Natalie Rice, Vice President of Global Radiology CME, enjoyed an exciting week in the ancient and vibrant city of Jerusalem. Time was spent meeting with representatives at the luxurious 5 star Inbal Jerusalem Hotel, the venue for our upcoming conference - Imaging in Israel - 2023. Natalie had extensive planning meetings with Sigalit Hurvitz making sure every detail of the program would well organized. Even senior members of the Inbal management team, including VP of Operations, Nahum Mazor and General Manager, Rony Timsit were involved in the planning of the upcoming Imaging in Israel 2023 conference. The entire staff at the Inbal looks forward to welcoming Global Radiology CME Faculty and Registrants to Imaging in Israel 2023, June 5-8, 2023 in a city known as the historic and religious nucleus of civilization. The feeling one gets while in the holy city is aptly described on the Inbal Hotel website: "The power of Jerusalem lies in its atmosphere. It’s something unique and sacred – a special feeling in the air. A visit to Jerusalem is an experience that’s filled with magic, each time allowing you to reach out and touch history." Join Global Radiology CME June 5-8, 2023 in Jerusalem for Imaging in Israel 2023 and see for yourself how visiting Israel allows you to tour sites as old as history itself!

48 yo male wrist pain following a MVA with persistent pain for one month • Xray of the Week The patient's hand was on the horn at time of impact and the steering wheel mounted airbag deployed, contributing to the injury. Normal wrist xray. Persistent pain for one month, then had an MRI. Figure 1. Describe the wrist injury. Figure 2. MRI of Hook of hamate fracture. A. Axial T1-weighted image demonstrates the body of the hamate (blue arrow), the hook of hamate (green arrow), and a fracture through the base of the hook of the hamate (yellow arrow). B. Axial fast spin echo proton density image with fat saturation demonstrates the body of the hamate (blue arrow), the hook of hamate (green arrow), and a fracture through the base of the hook of the hamate (yellow arrow). There is also high signal in the distal hamate due to edema C. Coronal STIR image demonstrates high signal in the distal hamate due to edema (red arrow). Discussion: Hamate fractures are rarely encountered carpal bone fractures, comprising approximately 2% of all carpal bone fractures (1,2). Anatomically, the hamate bone is found in the distal carpal row situated at the ulnar aspect of the wrist. It is wedge-shaped and has a bony prominence at the volar aspect regarded as the hook of hamate. Hamate fractures can be broadly divided into two groups according to Milch’s classification: hamate body fractures and hook of hamate fractures (2). Hook of hamate fractures are further subdivided according to their location in the hook: Type 1 fractures are located at the distal hook, type 2 at the middle, and type 3 are located at the base of the hook. Type 3 fractures account for the majority of hook of hamate fractures (6). High impact injuries--when rigid objects strike the hand--as seen in a fall or blunt trauma, can result in hamate fractures. Sporting injuries involving repetitive motions with equipment such as golf clubs, rackets, and baseball bats are also associated with hamate fractures, and are seen most frequently in younger men. Patients can present with pain and tenderness over the hypothenar eminence with limited wrist range of motion (2,3). Initial radiographs obtained at the first visit are often negative due to difficulty capturing the appropriate view of the fractured hamate bone (3,6). If the initial radiographs are negative, patients may continue to experience pain and follow up to get more advanced imaging such as CT or MRI. CT scans have very high sensitivity and specificity for picking up all types of hamate fractures. MRI is the imaging modality of choice for radiographically occult hamate fractures because of its high sensitivity for bone marrow signal irregularities and can display associated ulnar nerve or flexor tendon findings (3,4). In this case, the axial images reveal a linear signal abnormality at the base of the hook (Figs. 1,2), consistent with a type 3 fracture of the hook of the hamate (3-6). Complications of a long-standing fracture without treatment include flexor tendon rupture, nonunion, and chronic post-traumatic osteoarthritis (5). The standard treatment for nondisplaced hook of hamate fractures immobilization via ulnar gutter splint (3-6). Displaced hamate body fractures commonly require open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). Surgical excision of the hamate hook fragment is used for symptomatic displaced fractures, nonunion, and nondisplaced hook fractures older than 3 months (3-6). In this particular case, after several months of conservative management and persistent non-union, this patient underwent excision of the hook, resulting in alleviation of his pain. ​​​​ References: 1. Cecava ND, Finn MF, Mansfield LT. Subtle radiographic signs of hamate body fracture: a diagnosis not to miss in the emergency department. Emergency Radiology. 2017;24(6):689-695. doi:10.1007/s10140-017-1523-5 2. Arthur J, Jorgensen SA, Towbin AJ, Towbin R. Hook of the hamate fracture. Applied Radiology. 2018;47(2):29-31. Hook of the hamate fracture. https://www.appliedradiology.com/articles/hook-of-the-hamate-fracture 3. O’Shea K, Weiland AJ. Fractures of the Hamate and Pisiform Bones. Hand Clinics. 2012;28(3):287-300. doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2012.05.010 4. Mandegaran R, Gidwani S, Zavareh A. Concomitant hook of hamate fractures in patients with scaphoid fracture: more common than you might think. Skeletal Radiology. 2018;47(4):505-510. doi:10.1007/s00256-017-2814-3 5. Snoap T, Habeck J, Ruiter T. Hamate Fracture. Eplasty. 2015;15:ic28. Hamate Fracture. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4462833/ 6. Davis DL. Hook of the Hamate: The Spectrum of Often Missed Pathologic Findings. AJR 2017; 209:1110–1118. doi:10.2214/AJR.17.18043 Nirali Dave is a medical student at Medical University of Lublin in Poland, currently doing clinical rotations in New York. Before that she completed her undergraduate education at Rutgers University, and worked as a medical scribe. Nirali was first exposed to basic radiologic imaging while scribing, and was very quickly taken by the field. Her passion for radiology comes from the bridging of anatomy, health technologies, and patient care. In the future, she hopes to complete a diagnostic radiology residency and stay committed to clinical research and patient education. Follow Nirali Dave on Twitter @ndave08 All posts by Nirali Dave Kevin M. Rice, MD is the president of Global Radiology CME Dr. Rice is a radiologist with Cape Radiology Group. Formerly the Chief of Staff at at Valley Presbyterian Hospital in Los Angeles, California. Dr. Rice has made several media appearances as part of his ongoing commitment to public education. Dr. Rice's passion for state of the art radiology and teaching includes acting as a guest lecturer at UCLA. In 2015, Dr. Rice and Natalie Rice founded Global Radiology CME to provide innovative radiology education at exciting international destinations, with the world's foremost authorities in their field. In 2016, Dr. Rice was nominated and became a semifinalist for a "Minnie" Award for the Most Effective Radiology Educator. He was once again a semifinalist for a "Minnie" for 2021's Most Effective Radiology Educator by AuntMinnie.com. Follow Dr. Rice on Twitter @KevinRiceMD All posts by Kevin M. Rice, MD